This article is the English version of Laura Cozzi and Thomas Spencer, « L’énergie à l’ère de la nouvelle géopolitique », published in Politique étrangère (Vol. 91, No. 2, 2026) which celebrates the journal’s 90th anniversary.
The world remains hungry for energy. It is a crucial input to modern economies and fuels welfare improvements for the billions of people in developing countries. The secure, affordable and sustainable flow of energy is a core concern of national policymakers everywhere. At the international level, policymakers recognize that energy security requires cooperation. For this reason, they have invested in international organizations like the International Energy Agency (IEA), which was established in 1974 after the first oil shock with a mandate to support the energy security of its member countries. However, the energy system is changing, and with this change, the nature of energy security is also shifting. Four major trends are restructuring the global energy system.
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